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	<title>Ancient Civilizations &#187; Ancient Philosophic</title>
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		<title>Lao Zi – Ancient Chinese Philosopher</title>
		<link>http://en.tarikhema.ir/lao-zi-%e2%80%93-ancient-chinese-philosopher/ancient/673.html</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 08 Jun 2009 02:13:02 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Eni Kazemi</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Ancient]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[Lao Zi, also Li Dan by name, live in late Spring and Autumn Period(585 BC –500 BC). He was from the state of Chu and once was the librarian and archivist of the royal court of Zhou Dynasty. He was a knowledgeable person that even the great Confucius had once consulted him on things that [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img src="http://en.tarikhema.ir/images/2011/03/laozi.jpg" border="1" alt="laozi Lao Zi – Ancient Chinese Philosopher   Tarikhema.ir" width="200" height="258" align="right" title="Lao Zi – Ancient Chinese Philosopher | Tarikhema.ir" />Lao Zi, also Li Dan by name, live in late Spring and Autumn <a href="http://en.tarikhema.ir/words/period" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Posts tagged with period">Period</a>(585 BC –500 BC). He was <a href="http://en.tarikhema.ir/words/from" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Posts tagged with from">from</a> the <a href="http://en.tarikhema.ir/words/state" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Posts tagged with State">state</a> of Chu and once was the librarian and archivist of the royal court of Zhou <a href="http://en.tarikhema.ir/words/dynasty" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Posts tagged with Dynasty">Dynasty</a>. He was a knowledgeable person that even <a href="http://en.tarikhema.ir/words/the-great" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Posts tagged with the Great">the great</a> Confucius had once consulted him on things that he couldn&#8217;t understand as a young <a href="http://en.tarikhema.ir/words/man" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Posts tagged with man">man</a>. Lao Zi authored <a href="http://en.tarikhema.ir/words/the-book" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Posts tagged with The Book">the book</a> Dao De Jing, the classic for Daoism. (...)<br/>Read the rest of <a href="http://en.tarikhema.ir/lao-zi-%e2%80%93-ancient-chinese-philosopher/ancient/673.html">Lao Zi – Ancient Chinese Philosopher</a> (278 words)</p>
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		<title>Han Fei and His Legalist Philosophy</title>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 08 Jun 2009 01:46:03 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Eni Kazemi</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Ancient]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[Han Fei was a legalist philosopher and essayist in the 3rd century during the Warring States Period. His legalist thought had provided important theoretical support for the rule of the later Qin dynasty, China&#8217;s first centralized state. Han Fei was a prince of the royal family of the State of Han. He stuttered and could [...]]]></description>
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<img src="http://en.tarikhema.ir/images/2011/03/hanfeizi.jpg" border="1" alt="hanfeizi Han Fei and His Legalist Philosophy   Tarikhema.ir" width="200" height="228" align="left" title="Han Fei and His Legalist Philosophy | Tarikhema.ir" /><a href="http://en.tarikhema.ir/words/han" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Posts tagged with han">Han</a> Fei was a legalist <a href="http://en.tarikhema.ir/words/philosopher" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Posts tagged with Philosopher">philosopher</a> and essayist in the 3rd century <a href="http://en.tarikhema.ir/words/during" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Posts tagged with during">during</a> the Warring States <a href="http://en.tarikhema.ir/words/period" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Posts tagged with period">Period</a>. His legalist thought had provided important theoretical support for the <a href="http://en.tarikhema.ir/words/rule" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Posts tagged with Rule">rule</a> of the later <a href="http://en.tarikhema.ir/words/qin" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Posts tagged with qin">Qin</a> <a href="http://en.tarikhema.ir/words/dynasty" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Posts tagged with Dynasty">dynasty</a>, <a href="http://en.tarikhema.ir/words/china" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Posts tagged with china">China</a>&#8217;s first centralized <a href="http://en.tarikhema.ir/words/state" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Posts tagged with State">state</a>.</p>
<p>Han Fei was a prince of the royal family of the State of Han. He stuttered and could not present his ideas in court, which was a serious impediment. But he overcame this by developing one of the most brilliant writing styles in <a href="http://en.tarikhema.ir/words/ancient" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Posts tagged with Ancient">ancient</a> China.</p>
<p>Han Fei saw the gradual, but constant, decline of the state of Han and tried on several occasions to persuade the king to change policies to develop the agriculture and strengthen military force. But the king proved incapable of following his advice. In despair, Han Fei put down his political thinking in essays, hoping in vain that these essays would awaken the King.<br />
(...)<br/>Read the rest of <a href="http://en.tarikhema.ir/han-fei-and-his-legalist-philosophy/ancient/667.html">Han Fei and His Legalist Philosophy</a> (259 words)</p>
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		<title>AL-GHAZALI, ABU HAMID (1058-1111)</title>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 11 Feb 2009 14:30:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Eni Kazemi</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[AL-GHAZALI, ABU HAMID (1058-1111) al-Ghazali is one of the greatest Islamic Jurists, theologians and mystical thinkers. He learned various branches of traditional Islamic religious sciences in his home town of Tus, Gurgan and Nishapur in the northern part of Iran. He was also involved in Sufi practices from an early age. Being recognized by Nizam [...]]]></description>
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<p align="center"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><strong>AL-GHAZALI, ABU HAMID  		(1058-1111) </strong></span></p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p align="justify"><em><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;">al-Ghazali is one of  		the greatest Islamic Jurists, theologians and mystical thinkers. He  		learned various branches of traditional Islamic religious sciences in  		his home town of Tus, Gurgan and Nishapur in the northern part of <a href="http://en.tarikhema.ir/words/iran" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Posts tagged with iran">Iran</a>.  		He was also involved in Sufi practices from an early age. Being  		recognized by Nizam al-Mulk, the vizir of the Seljuq sultans, he was  		appointed head of the Nizamiyyah College at Baghdad in AH 484/AD 1091.  		As the intellectual head of the Islamic community, he was busy lecturing  		on Islamic jurisprudence at the College, and also refuting heresies and  		responding to questions from all segments of the community. Four years  		later, however, al-Ghazali fell into a serious spiritual crisis and  		finally left Baghdad, renouncing his career and the world After  		wandering in Syria and Palestine for about two years and finishing the  		pilgrimage to Mecca, he returned to Tus, where he was engaged in  		<a href="http://en.tarikhema.ir/words/writing" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Posts tagged with Writing">writing</a>, Sufi practices and teaching his disciples until his death. In  		the meantime he resumed teaching for a few years at the Nizamiyyah  		College in Nishapur(...)<br/>Read the rest of <a href="http://en.tarikhema.ir/al-ghazali-abu-hamid/ancient/386.html">AL-GHAZALI, ABU HAMID (1058-1111)</a> (5,339 words)</p>
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		<title>MOHAMMAD BIN MUSA AL-KHAWARIZMI-Kheva</title>
		<link>http://en.tarikhema.ir/mohammad-bin-musa-al-khawarizmi-kheva/ancient/ancient-philosophic/335.html</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 06 Feb 2009 17:48:29 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Eni Kazemi</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[MOHAMMAD BIN MUSA AL-KHAWARIZMI (Died 840 C.E.) Abu Abdullah Mohammad Ibn Musa al-Khawarizmi was born at Khawarizm (Kheva), south of Aral sea. Very little is known about his early life, except for the fact that his parents had migrated to a place south of Baghdad. The exact dates of his birth and death are also [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1 style="text-align: justify;">MOHAMMAD BIN MUSA AL-KHAWARIZMI</h1>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">(Died 840 C.E.)</h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Abu Abdullah Mohammad Ibn Musa al-Khawarizmi was born at Khawarizm (Kheva), south of Aral sea. Very little is known <a href="http://en.tarikhema.ir/words/about" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Posts tagged with about">about</a> his early <a href="http://en.tarikhema.ir/words/life" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Posts tagged with life">life</a>, except for the fact that his parents had migrated to a place south of Baghdad. The exact dates of his birth and death are also not known, but it is established that he flourished under Al- Mamun at Baghdad through 813-833 and probably died around 840 C.E.(...)<br/>Read the rest of <a href="http://en.tarikhema.ir/mohammad-bin-musa-al-khawarizmi-kheva/ancient/ancient-philosophic/335.html">MOHAMMAD BIN MUSA AL-KHAWARIZMI-Kheva</a> (583 words)</p>
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		<title>JABIR IBN HAIYAN</title>
		<link>http://en.tarikhema.ir/jabir-ibn-haiyan/ancient/ancient-philosophic/332.html</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2009 19:41:05 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Eni Kazemi</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Ancient Philosophic]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[JABIR IBN HAIYAN (Died 803 C.E.) Jabir Ibn Haiyan, the alchemist Geber of the Middle Ages, is generally known as the father of chemistry. Abu Musa Jabir Ibn Hayyan, sometimes called al-Harrani and al-Sufi, was the son of the druggist (Attar). The precise date of his birth is the subject of some discussion, but it [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1 style="text-align: justify;">JABIR IBN HAIYAN</h1>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">(Died 803 C.E.)</h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Jabir Ibn Haiyan, the alchemist Geber of the Middle Ages, is generally known as the father of chemistry. Abu Musa Jabir Ibn Hayyan, sometimes called al-Harrani and al-Sufi, was the son of the druggist (<em>Attar</em>). The precise date of his birth is the subject of some discussion, but it is established that he practised medicine and alchemy in Kufa around 776 C.E. He is reported to have studied under Imam Ja&#8217;far Sadiq and the Ummayed prince Khalid Ibn Yazid. In his early days, he practised medicine and was under the patronage of the Barmaki Vizir <a href="http://en.tarikhema.ir/words/during" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Posts tagged with during">during</a> the Abbssid Caliphate of Haroon al-Rashid. He shared some of the effects of the downfall of the Barmakis and was placed under house arrest in Kufa, where he died in 803 C.E.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">(...)<br/>Read the rest of <a href="http://en.tarikhema.ir/jabir-ibn-haiyan/ancient/ancient-philosophic/332.html">JABIR IBN HAIYAN</a> (679 words)</p>
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		<title>El Zahrawi (Albucasis)</title>
		<link>http://en.tarikhema.ir/el-zahrawi-albucasis/ancient/ancient-philosophic/323.html</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2009 09:14:16 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Eni Kazemi</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Ancient Philosophic]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[El Zahrawi (Albucasis) &#8211; father of surgery by Dr. Monzur Ahmed Almost a thousand years ago at a time when Spain (Andulesia) was part of the Islamic empire, there lived near the capital city of Cordoba one of the great, but now largely forgotten, pioneers of surgery. He was known as El Zahrawi, though in [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: book antiqua,times new roman,times; color: #cc9900;">El Zahrawi (Albucasis) &#8211; father of surgery<!--mstheme--></span></h1>
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<p><!--mstheme--></span></p>
<h4 style="text-align: justify;"><!--mstheme--><span style="font-family: book antiqua,times new roman,times; color: #336633;">by Dr. Monzur Ahmed<!--mstheme--></span></h4>
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<td width="68%" valign="top"><!--mstheme--><span style="font-family: book antiqua,times new roman,times;">Almost a     thousand years ago at a time when Spain (Andulesia) was part of the Islamic <a href="http://en.tarikhema.ir/words/empire" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Posts tagged with empire">empire</a>, there     lived near the capital <a href="http://en.tarikhema.ir/words/city" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Posts tagged with City">city</a> of Cordoba one of <a href="http://en.tarikhema.ir/words/the-great" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Posts tagged with the Great">the great</a>, but now largely forgotten,     pioneers of surgery. He was known as El Zahrawi, though in European languages his name is     written in over a dozen different ways: Abulcases, Albucasis, Bulcasis, Bulcasim, Bulcari,     Alzahawi, Ezzahrawi, Zahravius, Alcarani, Alsarani, Aicaravi, Alcaravius, Alsahrawi etc.</span><span style="font-family: book antiqua,times new roman,times;">El     Zahrawi is believed to have been born in the city of El-Zahra, six miles northwest of     Cordoba, sometime between 936 and 940. It was here that he lived, studied, taught and     practised medicine and surgery until shortly before his death in <a href="http://en.tarikhema.ir/words/about" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Posts tagged with about">about</a> 1013, two years     after the sacking of El-Zahra.(...)<br/>Read the rest of <a href="http://en.tarikhema.ir/el-zahrawi-albucasis/ancient/ancient-philosophic/323.html">El Zahrawi (Albucasis)</a> (876 words)</p>
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		<title>Avicenna</title>
		<link>http://en.tarikhema.ir/ibn-sina-avicenna-doctor-of-doctors/ancient/ancient-iran/ancient-iran-archaeology/316.html</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2009 08:55:03 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Eni Kazemi</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[Ibn Sina (Avicenna) &#8211; doctor of doctors by Dr. Monzur Ahmed Ibn Sina was born in  980 C.E. in the village of Afshana near Bukhara which today is located in the far south of Russia. His father, Abdullah, an adherent of the Ismaili sect, was from Balkh and his mother from a village near Bukhara.In [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: book antiqua,times new roman,times; color: #cc9900;">Ibn Sina (Avicenna) &#8211; doctor of doctors<!--mstheme--></span></h1>
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<p align="center"><img src="http://en.tarikhema.ir/images/2011/03/poehorsa.gif" alt="poehorsa Avicenna   Tarikhema.ir"  title="Avicenna | Tarikhema.ir" /></p>
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<h4 style="text-align: justify;"><!--mstheme--><span style="font-family: book antiqua,times new roman,times; color: #336633;">by Dr. Monzur Ahmed<!--mstheme--></span></h4>
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<td width="68%" valign="top"><!--mstheme--><span style="font-family: book antiqua,times new roman,times;">Ibn Sina     was born in  980 C.E. in the village of Afshana near Bukhara which today is located     in the far south of Russia. His father, Abdullah, an adherent of the Ismaili sect, was     from Balkh and his mother from a village near Bukhara.</span><span style="font-family: book antiqua,times new roman,times;">In any age Ibn Sina, known in the     West as Avicenna, would have been a giant among giants. He displayed exceptional     intellectual prowess as a child and at the age of ten was already proficient in the Qur&#8217;an     and the Arabic classics. During the next six years he devoted himself to Muslim     Jurisprudence, Philosophy and Natural Science and studied Logic, Euclid, and the     Almeagest.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: book antiqua,times new roman,times;">(...)<br/>Read the rest of <a href="http://en.tarikhema.ir/ibn-sina-avicenna-doctor-of-doctors/ancient/ancient-iran/ancient-iran-archaeology/316.html">Avicenna</a> (1,332 words)</p>
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